India’s protein supply is exposed to import dependence, water stress, and affordability issues, according to the Protein Sovereignty Index. The country ranks 17th out of 43 nations, scoring 62.1 out of 100.
While India produces most of its protein, it imports 68.6% of its fertilizers by value. This reliance leaves food production vulnerable to global disruptions. The nation imported a record 7.34 million tonnes of pulses in 2024–25, while the cultivation area for pulses declined from 30.6 million to 26.9 million hectares over three years.
Sustainability concerns are heightened as groundwater supports nearly 60% of India’s irrigation. Furthermore, an estimated 520.1 million Indians, or 35.5% of the population, could not afford a healthy diet in 2025.
Source: Down To Earth