Method: Annual avoided emissions are calculated as: Annual Avoided Emissions = Baseline Annual Emissions − Project Annual Emissions Carbon payback is: Carbon Payback Period = Upfront Embodied Emissions ÷ Annual Avoided Emissions For example, a project with 20 tCO₂e of upfront embodied emissions and 10 tCO₂e/year of operational emissions savings has a carbon payback of: 20 ÷ 10 = 2 years When project lifetime is entered: Lifetime Avoided Emissions = Annual Avoided Emissions × Project Lifetime Net Lifetime Carbon Benefit = Lifetime Avoided Emissions − Upfront Embodied Emissions Lifetime Carbon Benefit Ratio = Lifetime Avoided Emissions ÷ Upfront Embodied Emissions A ratio above 1 means the project’s operational emissions savings exceed its entered upfront embodied emissions over the selected lifetime. This is a simplified static carbon-payback model. It assumes annual baseline and project emissions remain constant throughout the project life. It does not automatically account for grid decarbonization, equipment degradation, replacement components, maintenance emissions, end-of-life emissions, changing operating conditions or discounting of future carbon impacts. The baseline, project and embodied-emissions values should use compatible system boundaries and CO₂e methodologies for a meaningful comparison.